Sentences · pillar 12 of 16

Clauses

relative · noun · adverbial · participle · infinitive

19 lessons from A2 to C2 · 67 grammar points

Mindmap: Clauses from A1 to C2

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# 12 Clauses ## A2 - Relative pronouns who, which, that - where in relative clauses - Defining relative clauses (the man who lives next door) - Time clauses: when, before, after, while - Reason and result clauses: because, so - although (basic contrast) ## B1 - Defining vs non-defining relative clauses (commas) - whose, when, why in relative clauses - Leaving out the object relative pronoun (the film I saw) - that vs which - No extra pronoun (the man that I saw, not saw him) - Purpose: to, in order to, so as to, so that - Reason: because, as, since - Result: so, so … that, such … that - although, though, even though - however vs but (and their punctuation) - despite / in spite of + noun or -ing - No although … but in one sentence - as soon as, until, by the time, once, since, whenever - where, wherever - as for things happening at the same time or changing together (As I walked home…; As it got darker…) ## B2 - Preposition + whom / which (the person to whom I spoke) - some of whom, most of which - Sentential which (He was late, which annoyed me) - the first / last / only one to… - Reduced relative clauses (the man sitting there, the car stolen yesterday) - Participle clauses (Feeling tired…, Built in 1900…, Having finished…) - while / when / after / before + -ing - that-clauses (I think that…, The problem is that…) - wh-clauses (I know what you mean) - if / whether clauses - It is + adjective + that… - whereas, while for contrast - despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that - no matter how / what / who; however + adjective - even though vs even if ## C1 - Having been told…, Being a doctor… - Absolute clauses (The work done, we left; Weather permitting…) - Dangling participles and how to fix them - the fact that… - Noun clauses as subject (Whether he comes is not important) - -ever clauses (Whatever you decide…, Whoever wins…) - to-infinitive as subject (To err is human) - whereby, wherein - in which case, at which point, by which time - Nominal relative what (What I need is…) - whose for things (a house whose roof…) - much as - Adjective + as / though (Tired as I was, …) - for all (= despite) - admittedly / granted …, but - Infinitive clauses (To be honest…, To cut a long story short…) - Verbless clauses (When in doubt…, If possible…, Once inside…) - with + noun + participle; for meaning because (With so little time, we left; …, for it was late) - Detached adjective phrases (Tired and hungry, they went home) - Active or passive infinitive after nouns (a lot to do / to be done; a house to rent) ## C2 - whereupon, whence (for recognition) - the reason why / that; the way (that / in which) - whoever / whatever / whichever as subjects and objects - albeit - notwithstanding - granted (that) - while / whilst - lest, for fear that - in the event that, inasmuch as, insofar as - such that, so as not to - than was expected, as is often the case

Lessons in this pillar

A2.28Relative clauses: who, which, that, whereCoreSoonComing soon
A2.29Time & reason clauses: when, before, becauseCoreSoonComing soon
B1.29Defining & non-defining relative clausesCoreSoonComing soon
B1.30Purpose, reason & resultCoreSoonComing soon
B1.31Contrast: although, however, despiteCoreSoonComing soon
B1.32Time & place clauses: as soon as, until, whereverMiniSoonComing soon
B2.23Relative clauses 2: to whom, some of whichCoreSoonComing soon
B2.24Reduced relative clausesMiniSoonComing soon
B2.25Participle clausesCoreSoonComing soon
B2.26Noun clauses: that, what, whetherCoreSoonComing soon
B2.27Concession & contrast 2CoreSoonComing soon
C1.18Participle clauses 2: absolutes & dangling participlesCoreSoonComing soon
C1.19Noun clauses 2: the fact that, -ever clausesCoreSoonComing soon
C1.20Relative clauses 3: whereby, in which caseCoreSoonComing soon
C1.21Concession 3: much as, Tired as I wasCoreSoonComing soon
C1.22Infinitive & verbless clausesMiniSoonComing soon
C2.9Relative & nominal clauses: expertCoreSoonComing soon
C2.10Concession: expert (albeit, notwithstanding)MiniSoonComing soon
C2.11Formal subordinators: lest, inasmuch asCoreSoonComing soon

Every grammar point

The complete checklist for this pillar. Nothing is left out.

A2

Relative pronouns who, which, that
where in relative clauses
Defining relative clauses (the man who lives next door)
Time clauses: when, before, after, while
Reason and result clauses: because, so
although (basic contrast)

B1

Defining vs non-defining relative clauses (commas)
whose, when, why in relative clauses
Leaving out the object relative pronoun (the film I saw)
that vs which
No extra pronoun (the man that I saw, not saw him)
Purpose: to, in order to, so as to, so that
Reason: because, as, since
Result: so, so … that, such … that
although, though, even though
however vs but (and their punctuation)
despite / in spite of + noun or -ing
No although … but in one sentence
as soon as, until, by the time, once, since, whenever
where, wherever
as for things happening at the same time or changing together (As I walked home…; As it got darker…)

B2

Preposition + whom / which (the person to whom I spoke)
some of whom, most of which
Sentential which (He was late, which annoyed me)
the first / last / only one to…
Reduced relative clauses (the man sitting there, the car stolen yesterday)
Participle clauses (Feeling tired…, Built in 1900…, Having finished…)
while / when / after / before + -ing
that-clauses (I think that…, The problem is that…)
wh-clauses (I know what you mean)
if / whether clauses
It is + adjective + that…
whereas, while for contrast
despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that
no matter how / what / who; however + adjective
even though vs even if

C1

Having been told…, Being a doctor…
Absolute clauses (The work done, we left; Weather permitting…)
Dangling participles and how to fix them
the fact that…
Noun clauses as subject (Whether he comes is not important)
-ever clauses (Whatever you decide…, Whoever wins…)
to-infinitive as subject (To err is human)
whereby, wherein
in which case, at which point, by which time
Nominal relative what (What I need is…)
whose for things (a house whose roof…)
much as
Adjective + as / though (Tired as I was, …)
for all (= despite)
admittedly / granted …, but
Infinitive clauses (To be honest…, To cut a long story short…)
Verbless clauses (When in doubt…, If possible…, Once inside…)
with + noun + participle; for meaning because (With so little time, we left; …, for it was late)
Detached adjective phrases (Tired and hungry, they went home)
Active or passive infinitive after nouns (a lot to do / to be done; a house to rent)

C2

whereupon, whence (for recognition)
the reason why / that; the way (that / in which)
whoever / whatever / whichever as subjects and objects
albeit
notwithstanding
granted (that)
while / whilst
lest, for fear that
in the event that, inasmuch as, insofar as
such that, so as not to
than was expected, as is often the case