Grammar index

All 879 grammar points in the course, A to Z, with their other names. Each one links to the lesson that teaches it.

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A

a / an with abstract nouns + of (a good knowledge of, a fear of heights)C1.27
a / an with jobs (She's a doctor)A1.9
a + adjective + some uncountable nouns (a good education, a wonderful time)B2.33
a few (countable) and a little (uncountable)A2.31
a first, the second time (I saw a dog. The dog…)A1.10
a friend of mine / a friend of Sara'sA2.33
a great deal of, a large amount of, a large number ofB2.36
a hundred vs hundreds of; two thousand (no -s); millions ofB1.42
a lot of / lots of in positive sentencesA2.31
a lot of with countable and uncountable nounsA1.15
a lot, a bit, much, very much after verbs (I like it a lot; It helps a bit)A2.40
a number of + plural vs the number of + singularB2.2
a or an: decided by the sound (an hour, a university, an MBA)A1.9
a vs one (a coffee, please / one coffee, not two)A1.9
about (a book about cats)A2.45
above / over, below / underA2.45
Absolute clauses (The work done, we left; Weather permitting…)C1.18
academic writing → Impersonal academic styleC2.20
accuse sb of, apologize for, insist on, blame sb for, congratulate sb onB2.21
Acronyms and initialisms (NASA, the UN, an FBI agent)C2.18
Active or passive infinitive after nouns (a lot to do / to be done; a house to rent)C1.22
Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what's more, besidesB1.48
Adjective + as / though (Tired as I was, …)C1.21
Adjective + preposition (good at, interested in, afraid of, proud of, responsible for, angry with)B1.36
Adjective + preposition / that / to (sure of, sure that, sure to)C1.31
adjective + to (easy to use, glad to help)B2.31
Adjective or adverb? (a careful driver / drives carefully)A2.41
Adjective order: opinion before fact; size – age – colorB1.47
Adjective suffixes: -ful, -less, -able, -ive, -al, -ous, -yB1.49
Adjectives after nouns and pronouns (something interesting, the people involved, the president elect)B2.38
Adjectives as sentence adjuncts (More importantly, Worse still, Strange to say)C1.30
Adjectives before nouns (a red car) and after be (The car is red)A1.29
Adjectives don't change for plural (two red cars)A1.29
Adjectives only after a verb (asleep, alive, afraid, alone)B2.38
Adjectives only before a noun (main, only, elder, chief)B2.38
Adjectives whose meaning depends on position (the responsible person / the person responsible)C1.31
Adjuncts, disjuncts and conjunctsC2.16
admittedly / granted …, butC1.21
Adverb + adjective collocations (highly unlikely, deeply concerned, bitterly disappointed)C1.30
Adverb spelling: happy–happily, gentle–gently, basic–basicallyA2.41
Adverb suffix -ly (and adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, lovely)B1.49
Adverbs after prepositions (from here, until now, since then, by then)B1.46
Adverbs modifying adverbs, prepositions and noun phrases (right past me, well over ten, almost home)C1.30
Adverbs of frequency: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, neverA1.19
Adverbs of manner: -ly (quickly, carefully)A2.41
Adverbs of place and direction (here, there, up, down, back, away, upstairs, abroad)A2.44
Adverbs with two forms: hard/hardly, late/lately, high/highly, near/nearly, most/mostly, free/freelyB2.40
afterwards, eventuallyA2.46
age with be → be for name, job, age, feelings, place and nationality (I'm 20)A1.5
Agency and the passive in news and academic writingC2.7
ago (three days ago)A1.28
Agreement with long subjects (The price of the shoes is…)B1.5
Agreement with names, titles and quotations (The Netherlands is…; Gulliver's Travels was…)C1.28
Agreement with subjects joined by and (Ali and Sara are…; Bread and butter is…)B2.2
albeitC2.10
all and both (all the students, both of them)A2.36
all the more, none the less, the better for itC1.32
all-cleft (All I want is…)C1.3
almost, nearly, hardlyB2.40
already, just, never with the past perfectB1.9
already, yet, stillA2.43
alsoA1.33
also, too, as well, eitherA2.43
Alternative questions (Do you want tea or coffee?)A2.1
although (basic contrast)A2.29
although, though, even thoughB1.31
Always… / Never… + imperativeA1.20
am is are → be: am / is / areA1.5
Ambiguous pronoun reference and how to fix itC2.15
Amounts as singular (Ten miles is a long way)B2.2
An editing checklistC2.30
Anaphora (repetition at the start of clauses)C2.22
and, but, orA1.33
another, other, others, the other(s)A2.35
Answering negative questions (Didn't you go? No, I didn't.)A2.2
Antithesis and chiasmusC2.22
any / no + comparative (no better; any longer)B1.45
any = whichever you choose (Any doctor will tell you…)C2.13
any meaning 'it doesn't matter which' (Call me any time)A2.32
Apostrophe for possession, never for pluralsA2.6
apostrophe s → Possessive 's (Sara's phone)A1.12
Apposition (Ali, my brother, …; the poet Hafez)C2.14
Approximate numbers and amounts (about, roughly, -odd, a dozen, a couple of)B1.42
arrive in (a city) / arrive at (a place)A2.44
Articles with abstract nouns (Life is short / the life of Mozart)B2.32
Articles with names (the Smiths, the late Mr. Hosseini, a Mr. Brown called)C1.27
Articles with places: the Nile, the Alps, the UK; no article for most countries, cities, lakes, single mountainsB1.37
as … as / not as … asA2.39
as … as ever / as … as can beC1.32
as for things happening at the same time or changing together (As I walked home…; As it got darker…)B1.32
as if / as though (real vs unreal)C1.16
as long as / so long asB1.24
as soon as possible, as much as you canA2.39
as soon as, until, by the time, once, since, wheneverB1.32
as well as + noun / -ingB1.48
at (times), on (days, dates), in (months, years, seasons, parts of the day)A1.32
at + address, on + street, in + cityA1.31
at all, whatsoever, on earth, ever (Why ever…?)B2.45
at night, on the weekend (UK at the weekend), in the morningA1.32
Attribution and distance (allegedly, reportedly, purportedly, is said to)C2.21
Australian, Indian and other EnglishesC2.25
Auxiliary verbs be, do, have vs main verbsA2.14

B

Back-formation (edit ← editor, babysit ← babysitter)C2.18
Balance and multiple embeddingC2.8
barely, scarcely, hardly + any / everC2.17
be able to (will be able to, have been able to)A2.21
be able to in all tenses and after other verbs (I'd love to be able to…)B2.12
be about to, be on the point ofB2.5
be afraid of / to, be sorry for / to, be interested in / toC1.24
be allowed to / be permitted toB1.19
be always / forever + -ing (annoying habits)B2.6
be being + adjective (You're being silly)B2.7
be born (I was born in…)A1.25
be bound / sure / certain / likely / set toC1.7
be due toB2.5
be for name, job, age, feelings, place and nationality (I'm 20)A1.5
be made to doC1.13
be supposed toB1.18
be to + infinitive (orders, plans, rules: You are to report at 9)C1.7
be to vs have toC1.11
be used to + -ing (familiar with)B1.13
be: am / is / areA1.5
be: negative (isn't, aren't, I'm not)A1.5
be: short forms (I'm, she's, they're)A1.5
because and so (never both together)A1.33
been vs goneA2.15
before / after + noun (before lunch, after class)A2.45
believe / consider / know + object + to beC1.23
between vs amongA2.45
between you and IC2.26
Blends and clipping (brunch, smog; phone, exam)C2.18
Boosting (clearly, undoubtedly, certainly)C1.35
both … andB1.41
both, all, whole (all of us, the whole day)B1.40
British do substitution (I might do)C1.5
British should alternative (I suggest that he should…)C2.1
but for; if it weren't for / if it hadn't been forC1.15
by + agent (and when to leave it out)B1.21
by + transport (by bus), on foot; with + tool (cut with a knife)A2.45
by far / easily + superlativeB2.39
by myself = alone; enjoy yourself, help yourselfA2.34
by vs untilB1.7

C

can / can't for abilityA1.21
can / could for general possibility (It can get very cold in November)B1.17
can / could with verbs of perception (I can see it; I could hear voices)A2.21
can for permission and requests (Can I…? Can you…?)A1.21
can't (deduction) vs mustn't (prohibition)C1.11
Capital letter at the start of a sentence and for IA1.2
capitalization → Capital letter at the start of a sentence and for IA1.2
Capitals for days, months, languages, nationalities and titlesA2.47
Capitals for names of people and placesA1.2
Cardinal numbers and how to write them (twenty-one, a hundred)A1.35
Cataphora (When she arrived, Sara…)C2.15
causative → have / get something doneB2.15
Changing situations (It's getting colder)A1.23
Choosing active or passive for flow and focusC1.13
Choosing aspect for effect in narrativeC2.5
cleft sentences → it-cleft (It was Ali who called)C1.3
cohesion → the former / the latterC1.34
Collective nouns: the team is / are (US vs UK)B2.2
Colons and semicolonsB2.49
Colons for explanation and emphasisC1.39
Combining modal meanings (will have to be able to)C1.11
Commas after introductory words and clausesB1.50
Commas and and between adjectives (a big, old house; tall and dark)B2.38
Commas around extra informationB1.50
Commas in listsA2.47
Comment adverbs (fortunately, apparently, honestly, hopefully)B2.40
Common native-speaker errors (your / you're, its / it's, could of)C2.30
comparative + and + comparative (more and more, bigger and bigger)B1.45
Comparative and superlative adverbs (faster, more carefully, the best)A2.41
Comparatives with -er (cheaper, bigger, happier)A2.37
Comparatives with more (more expensive)A2.37
Complex noun phrases: post-modification (the growth of sales in Asia since 2020)C1.25
Complex noun phrases: pre-modification (a rapidly growing online market)C1.25
Complex passive infinitives (is said to have been doing)C2.7
Complex prepositions (in terms of, with regard to, by means of, on behalf of, as opposed to, by virtue of, in light of)C1.33
Compound adjectives (well-known, five-star, open-minded)B2.38
Compound nouns, adjectives and verbs: open, closed, hyphenatedC1.38
Compound nouns: noun + noun (bus stop, coffee cup)B1.39
concision → Verbal over nominal style for clarityC2.29
conjunctions → and, but, orA1.33
Continuous infinitive (to be sitting; She seems to be working)B2.28
Continuous passives (is being done, was being done)B2.13
Contractions (I'm, don't, can't, won't)A2.6
Contractions and formalityC1.36
Contrast: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrastB1.48
Conversion: same word, new class (to email, a must, the dos and don'ts)C1.38
correlative conjunctions → both … andB1.41
could do withC1.10
could for past abilityA2.21
could for possibility, offers and suggestions (It could rain; I could help; You could ask her)B1.17
could have (a possibility that didn't happen)B2.10
could vs managed to / was able to (one success in the past)B1.19
Could you…? May I…? (polite requests and permission)A2.21
Countable and uncountable nounsA1.15
Cutting wordinessC2.29

D

Dangling modifiersC2.27
Dangling participles and how to fix themC1.18
dare (I don't dare / I daren't)B2.12
Dashes and hyphensB2.49
data is / data areC2.26
Declarative questions (You're leaving? That's the boss?)B1.1
Deduction about the past: must have, can't / couldn't have, may / might / could haveB2.9
Deduction now: must (sure), might / may / could (possible), can't (impossible)B1.17
Defining relative clauses (the man who lives next door)A2.28
Defining vs non-defining relative clauses (commas)B1.29
definite article → the for specific things the listener knowsA1.10
Dense academic noun phrases and how to unpack themC2.14
dependent prepositions → Adjective + preposition (good at, interested in, afraid of, proud of, responsible for, angry with)B1.36
despite / in spite of + noun or -ingB1.31
despite the fact that / in spite of the fact thatB2.27
Detached adjective phrases (Tired and hungry, they went home)C1.22
Determiner order: pre-, central and post-determiners (all the six big…)C1.26
didn't + base form; Did…? (I didn't see, not didn't saw)A1.27
didn't use to / Did you use to…?A2.10
Direct speech: quotation marks and punctuationB1.50
Discontinuous noun phrases (A man arrived who wanted to see you)C2.8
Discourse markers in speech (well, anyway, actually, I mean, by the way, you know)B2.47
Discourse markers in writing (furthermore, nevertheless, consequently, namely)B2.47
Distributive plural (They took off their coats)B2.2
do so / did soB2.44
Do you have…? / Have you got…?A1.16
Do you mind if I…?B1.20
double negative → Only one negative per clause (I didn't see anybody / I saw nobody)A2.2
Double negatives in dialectsC2.26
due to, owing to, because ofB2.43
Duration up to now (I've been waiting for an hour)B1.8
during vs forB1.7
during vs while; because of vs because; despite vs although; like vs asB2.43

E

each and every + singular nounA2.36
each other / one another vs -selvesB1.43
each vs every (each of, every one of)B1.40
Easily confused verb pairs: borrow / lend, bring / take, rise / raise, lie / layB1.16
easy to please (adjective + to with an object gap)C1.31
Echo and reply questions (You did what? Oh, did you?)B2.1
-ed spelling (liked, stopped, studied, played)A1.26
-ed vs -ing adjectives (bored / boring)A2.42
either … or, neither … norB1.41
either and neither (+ of; + singular verb)B1.40
either…or / neither…nor: the verb agrees with the nearer subjectB2.2
elder vs olderA2.37
ellipsis → Ellipsis after to (I'd love to)B2.44
Ellipsis after to (I'd love to)B2.44
Ellipsis in comparisons and coordinationC1.5
Ellipsis marks (…)C2.28
Ellipsis with auxiliaries (I can't, but she can)B2.44
embedded questions → Indirect questions (Do you know where…? Can you tell me if…?)B1.3
Emphatic do (I do like it!)B2.45
Emphatic imperative with do (Do sit down; Do be careful)B2.45
Emphatic reflexives (I did it myself)A2.34
Emphatic structures for persuasionC2.22
En and em dashesC2.28
End-weight and end-focus; given → newC1.4
Ending a sentence with a prepositionC2.26
Ergative verbs (The door opened / I opened the door)B2.8
-eth / -est verb endings (for recognition)C2.24
even ifB2.19
even though vs even ifB2.27
-ever clauses (Whatever you decide…, Whoever wins…)C1.19
every day vs all dayA2.36
Every sentence needs a subject (It's raining)A1.3
everyone / somebody + singular verb (Everyone is here)A2.32
Examples and clarification: for example, for instance, such as, in other words, that isB1.48
except, besides, apart from, instead of, according toB2.42
Exclamations: What a…! What + plural / uncountable! How + adjective!A2.4
Extraposition (It is surprising that…)C1.4

F

few vs a few, little vs a littleB2.36
fewer vs lessB1.45
find / consider / make it + adjective + to (I find it hard to…)C1.23
Fine aspect choices (have been having; perfect for current relevance)C2.5
First conditional (If it rains, I'll stay home)A2.27
First vs second conditional (real vs unreal)B1.23
first, then, next, after that, finallyA2.46
Floating quantifiers (We all agreed / We have all agreed / all of us)C1.26
for + -ing for what a thing is for (a knife for cutting bread)A2.25
for + noun for purpose (I went out for a walk)A2.25
for + object + to (It's important for you to…)B2.31
for + period, since + starting pointB1.7
for all (= despite)C1.21
Formal one (One should always…)C1.29
Formal vs informal grammarC1.36
Formulaic subjunctive (Be that as it may, Come what may, Suffice it to say, Far be it from me, So be it, If need be, Long live…)C2.1
Fractions, decimals and percentages (two-thirds, 2.5 = two point five, 40%)B1.42
Free indirect speech in fictionC2.21
Frequency adverbs: before the main verb, after beA1.19
from … to / untilA1.32
Front, mid and end position of adverbsB1.46
Fronting for emphasis or contrastC1.4
Full adjective order: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purposeB2.38
Future continuous (I'll be working at 10)B1.12
Future continuous for actions in progress and polite questions (Will you be using the car?)B2.4
Future in the past: was going to, was about to, wouldC1.6
Future passive (will be done)B1.22
Future perfect (will have done; by + time)B2.4
Future perfect continuous (By June I'll have been working here for ten years)B2.4
Future time clauses: when / as soon as / until + present (perfect)B1.12

G

Garden-path sentences and how to avoid themC2.8
Gender-neutral nouns (chair, firefighter, flight attendant)C2.14
Generic reference: The tiger is… / A tiger is… / Tigers are…B2.32
Generic you, one, they, peopleB1.43
gerund → -ing as subject (Swimming is good for you)B1.35
get + adjective, place, object; get to knowB1.15
get used to + -ing (become familiar with)B1.13
get-passive (He got arrested)B2.14
give it to me / buy it for me (word order with pronouns)A2.5
go / come / try and + verb; nice and warm (go and see, try and come)B1.34
go + -ing (go swimming, go shopping)A2.24
go home / come home (no to)A2.44
go to school / hospital / prison (purpose) vs the school (the building)B1.37
going to for plans and intentionsA2.11
going to for predictions from evidence (Look at those clouds!)A2.11
good → well; fast, hard, late have no -lyA2.41
Gradable vs non-gradable adjectives (very cold / absolutely freezing)B2.37
granted (that)C2.10
Group and joint possessives (the King of Spain's daughter; Sara and Ali's house)B2.35

H

had better (strong advice, warning)B1.18
had to for past obligationA2.19
half (of) + nounB2.36
hardly any, scarcely anyB2.36
have / get something doneB2.15
have / make / do / take / give + noun (have a look, make a decision, take a photo)B1.16
have difficulty / trouble + -ing; spend / waste time + -ingB2.30
have for actions (have breakfast, have a shower)A1.16
have for possession, family and illness (I have two sisters; I have a cold)A1.16
have got / has gotA1.16
have got to (informal)A2.19
have somebody do / get somebody to doB2.15
have something done for bad experiences (I had my phone stolen)B2.15
Having been told…, Being a doctor…C1.18
he (male), she (female), it (thing or animal)A1.4
he / she / it + -sA1.17
He is said / believed / thought to be…B2.16
Headline grammar (PM to quit; Jobs cut)C2.23
Heads and tails (That film, it was great. / He's nice, your brother.)C1.37
Heavy-NP shiftC2.12
Hedging (seem, appear, tend, it would appear, arguably, to some extent, presumably)C1.35
Hedging with modals (may, might, could)C1.35
Here comes… / There goes…B2.46
How come…? (no inversion)B2.1
How long have you…?B1.7
How long…? How often…? How far…?A2.1
How modal verbs work: no -s, no to, no do (She can swim)A1.21
How much? / How many?A1.15
How often…? every day, twice a week, once a monthA1.19
how old, how much, how many, how farA1.7
however vs but (and their punctuation)B1.31
Hurry, or you'll miss it; One more step and I'll screamC2.3
Hyphenation rulesC2.28

I

I dare say / How dare youC1.10
I hear / I gather / I understand that…C1.9
I like vs I'd likeA1.24
I think so / I hope not / I'm afraid notA2.3
I wonder if you could…B1.20
if / whether clausesB2.26
if / whether in reported yes/no questionsB1.27
if + happen toC1.15
if + should (If you should see him…)C1.15
if + were toC1.15
if + will / would for willingness and politenessC1.15
If I were you (were for all persons; was in informal speech)B1.23
if onlyB1.25
if so / if notC1.5
if so, if not, if necessary, if possible, if any, if anythingC1.15
if vs when for factsA2.26
Imperatives (Sit down. Don't worry.)A1.20
Impersonal academic styleC2.20
Impersonal passive with perfect and continuous infinitives (He is thought to have left)C1.12
Implied conditionals (I wouldn't do that.)C2.3
in / on / at: other uses (on the left, on TV, in the newspaper, in the rain, at the age of)A2.45
in + period of time for the future (in two weeks, in a few minutes)A2.11
in a car / on a bus, train, planeA2.45
in case vs ifB1.24
in that, given that, seeing that, insofar asC1.34
in the event that, inasmuch as, insofar asC2.11
in which case, at which point, by which timeC1.20
in, on, at for place (in the box, on the table, at the door)A1.31
indefinite article → a or an: decided by the sound (an hour, a university, an MBA)A1.9
indefinite pronouns → something, anyone, nobody, everywhere…A2.32
Indirect questions (Do you know where…? Can you tell me if…?)B1.3
indirect speech → say vs tellB1.26
Infinitive clauses (To be honest…, To cut a long story short…)C1.22
information structure → Theme and rhemeC2.12
-ing after be (My hobby is swimming; The best thing is walking)B1.35
-ing after prepositions (good at cooking, before leaving, instead of waiting)B1.35
-ing as subject (Swimming is good for you)B1.35
-ing or to with a change of meaning: remember, forget, stop, try, regretB1.33
-ing or to with little change in meaning (begin, start, continue, like, love, hate, prefer)B2.28
-ing spelling (making, running, lying)A1.22
Intensifiers: very, really, extremely, absolutely, completely, utterly, totally, highlyB2.37
Interjections (Oh! Wow! Ouch!)A1.1
inversion → Inversion after negative adverbials (Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, At no time, Under no circumstances, On no account, Nowhere)C1.1
Inversion after as / than (as did his father)C1.2
Inversion after negative adverbials (Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, At no time, Under no circumstances, On no account, Nowhere)C1.1
Inversion after place adverbials (Down came the rain; In the corner sat a cat)C1.2
Inverted conditional: Had I known…C1.14
Inverted conditional: Should you need…C1.14
Inverted conditional: Were I to…, Were it not for…C1.14
Irregular comparatives: good–better, bad–worse, far–farther/furtherA2.37
Irregular plurals: man–men, child–children, person–people, foot–feetA1.8
Is there…? / There isn't… / There aren't…A1.14
it for time, weather, distance and dates (It's 5 o'clock. It's cold.)A1.34
It is + adjective + that…B2.26
It is said / believed / thought that…B2.16
it takes + time + toB1.4
it vs thereB1.4
it-cleft (It was Ali who called)C1.3
it, this, that for reference in textsC1.29
It's + adjective + to (It's easy to learn)B1.4
it's high time / about timeC1.16
It's kind / nice / silly of you to…B2.31
It's kind of you vs It's important for youC1.31
it's no use, there's no point, it's worth, can't help, can't stand, feel like + -ingB2.30
it's time + pastB2.20
It's two years since…B1.7
its vs it'sA1.12

J

just (= a moment ago; = only)A2.43
just, already, yet with the present perfectA2.16

K

kind of / sort of / type of + noun and agreement (these kinds of problem)B2.36

L

Latin and Greek plurals (criterion–criteria, phenomenon–phenomena, analysis–analyses, crisis–crises, data)B2.34
Leaving out that (I think you're right; He said he'd come)B1.26
Leaving out the object relative pronoun (the film I saw)B1.29
less / the leastA2.38
less vs fewer in real usageC2.26
lest, for fear thatC2.11
let's / let's notA1.20
Lexical cohesion (synonyms, word families, repetition)C1.34
like / love / hate / enjoy + -ingA1.24
like doing vs like to doC1.24
like vs as (as a teacher / like a teacher; like me / as I do)B2.39
Linking verbs + adjective (look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem, become, get)A2.17
Literary inversion in narrativeC2.2
look like / sound like + noun; look as ifA2.17

M

make / let / help + object + base formB1.34
make somebody doB2.15
make vs doB1.16
Mandative subjunctive (insist / demand / recommend that he be)C2.1
Manner – place – time (She sang beautifully at the concert last night)B1.46
may / might (not) for possibilityA2.22
may / might / could wellC1.10
may / might as wellC1.10
May you be happy (wishes)C2.1
Me too / Me neitherA2.3
mean, go on, propose: -ing or toC1.24
Measurement compounds without -s (a ten-minute walk, a five-year-old boy)B1.39
Measurement: two meters tall; How tall / deep / old…?B1.39
Messages and texting conventionsC2.23
Middle voice (This book sells well; The shirt washes easily)B2.8
might vs will (less certain)A2.22
mind you, as it happens, come to think of it, that saidC2.19
Misplaced modifiersC2.27
Misused myself (Contact Ali or myself ✗)C1.29
Mixed conditional: past condition, present resultB2.18
Mixed conditional: present condition, past resultB2.18
Modal + be + -ing (He must be working)B2.11
Modal + be + past participle (It should be done)B2.11
Modal + have been + -ing (must have been waiting)C1.11
Modal + have been + past participleB2.11
Modal passive (can / must / should be done)B1.22
modal verbs → How modal verbs work: no -s, no to, no do (She can swim)A1.21
Modals in conditional main clauses (If it rains, we could / might / should…)B1.23
Modals in reported speech (can → could, will → would, must → must / had to)B2.22
more as a determiner and pronoun (more coffee; more of the book)A2.31
More irregular verbs and their patterns (buy–bought, think–thought)A2.7
more of a … than; not so much … asC1.32
more than one + singularC1.28
most / most of / the mostB2.36
much / far / a lot / a bit / slightly / even + comparativeB1.45
much and manyA2.31
much asC1.21
must vs have toA2.19
mustn't (not allowed) vs don't have to (not necessary)A2.19

N

Narrative tenses together (past simple, continuous, perfect)B2.3
Nationality adjectives and nouns (Iranian, Persian, Dutch, Swiss)A2.47
need + -ing with passive meaning (The car needs washing)B2.14
need as a modal (Need I…? You needn't)B2.12
need to / don't need to / needn'tB1.19
needn't have vs didn't need toB2.10
Negative polarity items (ever, yet, any, at all, budge an inch)C2.17
Negative prefixes: un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-, non-B2.48
Negative questions (Don't you like it?)A2.2
Negative questions for surprise or criticism (Haven't you finished yet?)B2.1
Never before have I…B2.46
next / last with and without the (next week / the next week)B2.32
no + noun and none (There's no milk. None left.)A2.32
No although … but in one sentenceB1.31
No article in set phrases (at home, go to bed, go to work, by bus, have breakfast)A2.30
No article with meals, days, months, sports, languages and school subjectsA2.30
No article with unique roles (He was elected President)C1.27
No double comparatives (more better ✗)B1.45
No extra pronoun (the man that I saw, not saw him)B1.29
no matter how / what / who; however + adjectiveB2.27
No preposition with next, last, this, every, tomorrow, yesterdayA1.32
No present perfect with finished time (yesterday, in 2019)B1.6
No sooner … than / Hardly … whenC1.1
no vs not a (He's no expert / He's not an expert)C2.13
No would in the if-clauseB2.17
no, not, never, nothing, nobody, nowhereA2.2
Nominal relative what (What I need is…)C1.20
Nominal style in academic writingC2.20
Nominal vs verbal style: when to use eachC2.14
Nominalisation (decide → the decision; fail → failure)C1.25
Non-standard agreement in speech (we was, he don't, there's three people), for recognitionC2.25
none of + nounB1.40
none of + singular or plural verbC2.13
nonetheless, thereby, hence, thus, notwithstandingC1.34
Nor / Neither + inversionC2.2
not … any vs no; not a singleC2.17
not … or / not … nor; and not (She didn't write or call)B1.41
not + -ing (I hate not knowing; He apologized for not calling)B1.35
not only … but also (normal word order)B1.41
Not only … but also with inversion (Not only did she…)B2.46
Notes, signs, recipes and instructionsC2.23
Notional vs grammatical agreementC1.28
notwithstandingC2.10
Noun + preposition (reason for, increase in, solution to, effect on, advantage of, demand for)B2.41
noun + to (the decision to, a place to stay, the chance to)B2.31
noun clauses → that-clauses (I think that…, The problem is that…)B2.26
Noun clauses as subject (Whether he comes is not important)C1.19
Noun suffixes: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -er/-or, -ance/-enceB1.49
Nouns that are countable and uncountable with different meanings (a coffee / coffee, a glass / glass, an experience / experience, a paper / paper, a room / room)B2.33
Nouns with plural verbs (people, police, cattle, staff)B2.34
nowhere near / not nearly as … asB2.39

O

object + past participle (I need this done by 5)C1.23
Object pronoun position (turn it on, not turn on it)A2.18
Object pronouns after verbs and prepositions (call him, with me)A1.13
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, themA1.13
Object questions (Who did you call?)B1.1
Offers: Shall I…? I'll… Would you like…?A2.23
one / ones to avoid repeating a noun (the red one)A2.35
one of + plural noun + singular verbB1.5
one of those who are…C1.28
One-word (Latinate) verbs vs phrasal verbsC1.36
only / even: position changes the meaningC1.30
only ifB2.19
only in every position, with and without inversionC2.2
Only one negative per clause (I didn't see anybody / I saw nobody)A2.2
Only when / Only after / Not until + inversionC1.1
only, even, just, also: where they goB1.46
Order and position of several adverbialsC1.30
Ordinal numbers (first, second, twenty-first)A1.35
otherwiseB2.19
ought toB1.18
own (my own car; on my own; a car of my own)B1.43

P

Parallel structureC2.8
Parentheses and dashes for asidesC1.39
Participle clauses (Feeling tired…, Built in 1900…, Having finished…)B2.25
Partitives: a piece of, a slice of, a bottle of, a cup of, a loaf of, an item ofB1.38
Parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, determinerA1.1
Passive infinitive and -ing (to be done, being done)B2.13
Passive of perception verbs (He was seen to leave / leaving)C1.13
Passive reporting (It was announced that…)C1.17
passive voice → Passive: be + past participleB1.21
Passive with an object complement (He was considered a genius; She was elected captain)C1.13
Passive with phrasal and prepositional verbs (was looked after, was laughed at)B2.14
Passive with two objects (I was given a book / A book was given to me)B2.13
Passive: be + past participleB1.21
Past continuous for background, past simple for eventsA2.8
Past continuous: was / were + -ingA2.8
Past perfect continuousB2.3
Past perfect for the earlier of two past events; by the timeB1.9
Past perfect: had + past participleB1.9
past progressive → Past continuous: was / were + -ingA2.8
Past simple for a sequence of actionsA2.7
Past simple for finished actions at a finished timeA1.26
Past simple vs past continuous (interrupted actions)A2.9
Past simple: common irregular verbs (went, saw, had)A1.27
Past simple: regular verbs (-ed)A1.26
Past tenses for politeness (I was wondering, I wanted to ask)C1.8
Perfect -ing (having done)B2.28
Perfect infinitive (to have done)B2.28
Period (full stop) and question markA1.2
personal pronouns → Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyA1.4
Phrasal verbs: verb + particle (get up, turn on)A2.18
Place before time (I go to work at 8)A1.3
Plural after numbers (two books)A1.8
Plural nouns as modifiers (a sports car, a savings account, customs officer)B2.34
Plural-only nouns (trousers, scissors, glasses, jeans, clothes, goods, belongings, outskirts, premises)B2.34
Plurals in -ves (knife–knives, leaf–leaves)A1.8
Plurals of compounds (passers-by, mothers-in-law, women doctors)B2.34
Plurals of nouns in -o (potatoes, photos)A1.8
Poetic word orderC2.24
Possessive 's (Sara's phone)A1.12
Possessive + -ing (I don't mind his / him coming)B2.29
Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, theirA1.12
Possessive for places (at the doctor's, at Sara's)B2.35
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirsA2.33
Pre-determiners: half, all, both, double, twice, such a, quite a, what aC1.26
Prefix spelling: im- before m/p, il- before l, ir- before rB2.48
Prefixes of meaning: re-, mis-, over-, under-, pre-, post-, co-, anti-, inter-, sub-, ex-, multi-B2.48
Preparatory it as object (I find it hard to…)C1.4
Preposition + whom / which (the person to whom I spoke)B2.23
Preposition at the end (Who…to?) vs formal To whom…?C1.33
Prepositional phrases (in time / on time, at the end / in the end, by mistake, on purpose, in advance, at first)B2.42
Prepositional verbs (look after, deal with)B1.14
Prepositions at the end of questions (Who are you talking to?)A2.1
Prepositions before wh- and that-clauses (depending on whether…; sure that…)B2.41
Prepositions in academic style (in relation to, with respect to)C1.33
Prepositions of movement: to, into, out of, onto, off, across, along, through, past, towards, up, down, over, aroundA2.44
Present continuous for arrangements (I'm meeting Ali at 6)A2.13
Present continuous for now and around nowA1.22
Present continuous: am / is / are + -ingA1.22
Present perfect continuous vs simple (activity vs result; how long vs how many)B1.8
Present perfect continuous: have been + -ingB1.8
Present perfect for experience (Have you ever…? I've never…)A2.15
Present perfect for news and recent events (I've lost my keys!)A2.16
Present perfect for news, past simple for the detailsC2.4
Present perfect passive (has been done)B1.22
Present perfect vs past simple (unfinished vs finished time)B1.6
Present perfect: have / has + past participleA2.15
present progressive → Present continuous: am / is / are + -ingA1.22
Present simple and past simple passiveB1.21
Present simple for timetables (The train leaves at 8)B1.11
Present simple in headlines for past eventsC1.9
Present simple negative: don't / doesn't + base formA1.18
Present simple questions: Do / Does + subject + base form? and short answersA1.18
Present simple uses: habits, routines, facts, permanent situationsA1.17
Present simple vs present continuousA1.23
Present simple: positive (I work, she works)A1.17
Present tenses in stories, jokes and commentariesC1.9
prevent / stop / discourage somebody from -ingB2.29
Prices and amounts ($3.50 = three fifty)A1.35
probably / definitely with negatives (He probably won't…)B1.46
probably / definitely with will (He'll probably… / He probably won't…)A2.12
Productive affixes in new words (-ify, de-, -friendly, -proof)C2.18
Pronoun case: between you and me, It's me, than me / than I amC1.29
Pronoun, time and place changes (tomorrow → the next day)B1.26
provided / providing (that), on condition thatB2.19
Punctuating long sentences clearlyC1.39
Punctuation with linkers (However, … / ; however,)B1.48
Purpose: to, in order to, so as to, so thatB1.30
Putative should (It's odd that he should say that)C2.6

Q

Question tags (It's cold, isn't it?)B1.2
Question word + be / do + subjectA1.7
Question word + to-infinitive (I don't know what to do)B1.3
Question words: what, where, who, when, why, howA1.7
Questions with be (Are you…? Is she…?)A1.6
Questions with is it / was it … that (Where was it that you met?)C1.3
Questions with that-clauses (Who did you say you saw?)B2.1
quite a few, quite a lot, plenty ofB2.36
quite in American vs British EnglishB2.37
Quotation punctuation: US vs UKC2.28
Quotative be like / go (And she was like, “No way!”)C2.19

R

Reason and result clauses: because, soA2.29
Reason: because, as, sinceB1.30
Recent activity with visible results (I've been running)B1.8
Reciprocal verbs without each other (meet, marry, fight)B2.8
Reduced relative clauses (the man sitting there, the car stolen yesterday)B2.24
Redundant pairs and empty phrasesC2.29
Reference chains in long textsC2.15
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, themselves…A2.34
register → Formal vs informal grammarC1.36
Regular plurals: -s, -es, -ies (cars, boxes, cities)A1.8
relative clauses → Relative pronouns who, which, thatA2.28
Relative pronouns who, which, thatA2.28
Repairs, false starts and unfinished sentences in speechC2.19
Reported questions (She asked where I lived)B1.27
Reported requests and adviceB1.28
Reporting thoughts and beliefsB2.22
Reporting verbs + patterns: verb + to, verb + sb + to, verb + -ing, verb + that, verb + preposition + -ingB2.21
Reporting verbs in academic writing (argue, claim, contend, maintain, acknowledge)C2.21
Reporting verbs in the passive (allege, claim, consider, expect, know, report, understand)C1.12
Reporting with nouns (He made an apology / gave a warning)C1.17
Response tokens (Absolutely. Fair enough. Exactly.)C2.19
Restrictive vs non-restrictive commasC2.28
Result: so, so … that, such … thatB1.30
Result: therefore, as a result, consequentlyB1.48
Reversed wh-cleft (A rest is what I need)C1.3
rhetoric → Tricolon and lists of threeC2.22
Rhetorical questionsB2.1
Run-on sentences, comma splices and fragmentsB2.49

S

's = is or has; 'd = had or wouldA2.6
's and s' (the children's room, the boys' room)A2.33
-s spelling: goes, watches, studies, has, doesA1.17
's vs of vs noun + noun (Sara's car, the end of the film, the car door)B2.35
Same form in singular and plural (sheep, fish, aircraft, deer)A1.8
say vs tellB1.26
Saying and writing dates (May 5, the fifth of May, in 2024)A1.35
Scope and placement of adverbials (I only eat fish on Fridays)C2.16
Scope of negation (All that glitters is not gold)C2.17
Second conditional (If I had more time, I'd…)B1.23
see / hear / watch / feel + object + base form or -ingB2.29
Semi-determiners: same, other, certain, various, numerous, severalC1.26
Semicolons with linking adverbsC1.39
Sentence parts: subject, verb, object, complement, adverbialA1.1
Sentential which (He was late, which annoyed me)B2.23
Separable vs inseparable phrasal verbsB1.14
shall for formal offers, suggestions and rulesC1.10
Shall I…? / Shall we…? for offers and suggestionsA2.12
shall in legal and formal documentsC2.6
Short answers (Yes, I am. / No, she isn't.)A1.6
should / shouldn't for advice and opinionsA2.20
should for expectation (He should be home by now)B1.17
should have / ought to have (criticism, regret)B2.10
simple present → Present simple: positive (I work, she works)A1.17
Simple, compound and complex sentencesB2.49
since + past simple (since I was a child)B1.6
Singular nouns ending in -s (news, math, physics, economics, athletics, means, series, species)B2.34
Singular verb after everyone, nobody, eachB1.5
so / not after more verbs (I suppose so, I believe not, I doubt it)B2.44
so / too / how / as + adjective + a + noun (too good a chance; as big a problem as)C1.26
So + adjective / Such + be + inversion (So tired was she that…)C1.2
so + adjective; such (a) + adjective + nounB1.44
so and such for emphasis (It's so cold! She's such a kind person!)A2.4
So do I / Neither do I / Nor do IA2.3
so it is / so it does (surprised agreement)C1.5
Softeners: quite, fairly, rather, pretty, a bit, slightlyB2.37
some and any: first stepsA1.15
some in offers and requests (Would you like some tea?)A2.32
some of whom, most of whichB2.23
someone… they (singular they)B1.43
something / anything / nothing + to-infinitive or adjective (something to eat; nothing interesting)A2.32
something, anyone, nobody, everywhere…A2.32
Special tags (I'm…, aren't I? Let's…, shall we? Open the door, will you?)B1.2
Spoken ellipsis (Sounds good. Want a coffee?)C1.37
spoken grammar → Heads and tails (That film, it was great. / He's nice, your brother.)C1.37
Starting a sentence with And or ButC2.26
State verbs (know, like, want, belong, need, seem, contain)B1.10
State verbs in the continuous for effect (I'm loving it; I'm thinking of…)B2.7
Stative vs dynamic passive (The door was closed)C1.13
still, yet, anymore, no longerB2.40
Stressed the /ðiː/ = the best or most famous (the place to eat)C2.13
Structural ambiguity (I saw the man with the telescope)C2.27
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyA1.4
Subject questions (Who called you?)B1.1
subject-verb agreement → Singular verb after everyone, nobody, eachB1.5
subjunctive → Mandative subjunctive (insist / demand / recommend that he be)C2.1
substitution → so / not after more verbs (I suppose so, I believe not, I doubt it)B2.44
such that, so as not toC2.11
Such was … thatC2.2
such, this + noun for referenceC1.34
Suffixes -ism, -ist, -hood, -ship, -dom, -eeC1.38
suggest + -ing / that (never suggest to)B2.21
Suggestions: Let's…, Shall we…?, Why don't we…?, How about + -ing?, We could…A2.23
Summarizing speech instead of reporting word for wordC1.17
Summary: in conclusion, to sum up, overallB1.48
Superlatives: the -est / the mostA2.38
suppose / imagine + pastC1.16
suppose / supposing, what if, assumingB2.19

T

tag questions → Question tags (It's cold, isn't it?)B1.2
Tags to check (falling) vs to ask (rising)B1.2
tell / ask somebody (not) to doB1.28
Telling a story in the pastA2.9
Telling the time (half past six, a quarter to nine, 6:30)A1.35
Temporary vs permanent (I live in Shiraz / I'm living in Tehran this year)A1.23
Tense and aspect to show attitude (I've been meaning to…; I'm hoping you could…)C2.4
Tense backshiftB1.26
Tenses for citing research (Smith argues / argued / has argued)C2.20
Tentative forms (I was hoping, I'd hoped)C1.8
than + pronoun (taller than me / than I am)A2.37
than was expected, as is often the caseC2.11
that vs whichB1.29
that-clauses (I think that…, The problem is that…)B2.26
the … the … (The more you practice, the better you get)B1.45
the + adjective for groups (the rich, the elderly)B1.37
the + comparative, the + comparative (the sooner, the better)B2.32
the + nationality (the French, the Japanese)B1.37
the best … I've ever…A2.38
the best in the world / of allA2.38
the fact that…C1.19
the first / last / only one to…B2.23
The five verb forms: base, -s, -ing, past, past participleA2.14
the for specific things the listener knowsA1.10
the former / the latterC1.34
The grammar of politeness (indirectness, softening)C1.36
the majority / a lot / the rest + singular or pluralC1.28
The most common learner errorsC2.30
The past participle (third form)A2.14
the reason why / that; the way (that / in which)C2.9
the same as, similar to, different fromA2.39
The serial (Oxford) commaC2.28
The split infinitive (to boldly go)C2.16
The thing is…, What happened was…C1.3
the very (the very best, at the very end)B2.45
the vs no article: specific vs general (I like music / the music in this film)A2.30
the with musical instruments and inventions (play the piano, the phone)B1.37
the with parts of the body after a preposition (hit him on the head)B2.32
the with superlatives, ordinals, same, only, next, lastB1.37
the with unique things (the sun, the internet)A1.10
Theme and rhemeC2.12
there + any tense (there will be, there has been, there used to be)B1.4
there is / there areA1.14
there is + singular / there are + pluralB1.5
there is a… / there are some…A1.14
There is said to be…C1.12
There remain…, There exists…, There arose…C2.12
there seems / appears to beB1.4
there was / there wereA1.25
they / it for organizations (The company has… / They have…)C2.15
Third conditional (If I had known, I would have…)B2.17
this / that as pronouns (This is Ali. What's that?)A1.11
this / that for time (this morning, that day)A1.11
This is the first time I've…B1.6
this, that, these, those (near and far)A1.11
thou, thee, thy, thine (for recognition)C2.24
Three-part phrasal verbs (look forward to, run out of, get on with)B1.14
Time clauses: when, before, after, whileA2.29
Time possessives (today's news, a week's vacation, two hours' drive)B2.35
to + verb for purpose (I came here to study)A2.25
to as a preposition + -ing (look forward to, object to, be used to)B2.30
to be → be: am / is / areA1.5
to-infinitive after be (My aim is to win; The best thing is to wait)B1.33
to-infinitive as subject (To err is human)C1.19
too / enough + (for somebody) + to (too hot to drink, old enough to drive)B1.44
too + adjective; adjective + enough; enough + nounA2.40
too = more than is good (too hot)A1.30
too much / too manyA2.31
Transferred negation (I don't think he's coming)C2.17
Tricolon and lists of threeC2.22
Try as he might…, Much as I…C2.2
twice / three times as … asB2.39

U

Uncountable nouns: advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, equipment, research, homework, progress, knowledge, traffic, weather, accommodationB1.38
under, next to, between, behind, in front of, near, oppositeA1.31
unless = if … notB1.24
US and UK spelling of verb forms (traveled / travelled, learned / learnt, dreamed / dreamt)A2.7
US vs UK collective nounsC2.25
US vs UK prepositions: on/at the weekend, different from/than/toC2.25
US vs UK use of the subjunctiveC2.25
US vs UK verbs: gotten, have got, shall, present perfect useC2.25
used to for past habits and statesA2.10
used to vs be / get used toB1.13

V

Vague language (and stuff, sort of, or something)C1.37
verb + having done (He denied having taken it)C1.17
verb + object + adjective / noun (painted it red, elected him president)C1.23
Verb + object + preposition (accuse sb of, thank sb for, remind sb of, blame sb for)B2.41
verb + object + to (want / ask / tell / expect / allow / advise / persuade somebody to)B1.34
Verb + preposition (depend on, listen to, wait for, belong to, look at, apologize for)B1.36
Verb agreement with quantities (Half of the cake is… / Half of the students are…)B1.42
Verb suffixes: -ise/-ize, -en, -ifyB1.49
Verbal over nominal style for clarityC2.29
Verbless clauses (When in doubt…, If possible…, Once inside…)C1.22
Verbs + -ing (enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, practice, keep)A2.24
Verbs + to-infinitive (want, decide, hope, plan, need, agree, refuse, promise)A2.24
Verbs not reflexive in English (relax, feel, meet, concentrate)B2.8
Verbs of movement with adverb particles (She ran in; He walked off)B1.14
Verbs that need a place adverbial (live, put, stay, keep + where)A2.44
Verbs with no preposition (discuss, enter, marry, contact, call, reach; explain sth to sb)B2.42
Verbs with two meanings (think, have, see, taste, smell, be)B1.10
Verbs with two objects (give, send, show, tell, buy, lend)A2.5
very and really + adjectiveA1.30
very vs tooA2.40
Viewpoint adverbs (economically, technically speaking)C1.30
Vocatives and forms of address (Come here, John; Thank you, Mr. Smith) and their commasA2.47

W

want somebody to (not want that)B1.34
was / were (+, −, ?)A1.25
was going to (plans that didn't happen)B2.5
was to / was to have done (fate and unfulfilled plans)C1.6
were-subjunctive (If I were…, as it were)C2.1
wh- questions → Question words: what, where, who, when, why, howA1.7
Wh- questions in the past (What did you do?)A1.27
Wh- questions in the present simple (Where do you work?)A1.18
wh-clauses (I know what you mean)B2.26
wh-cleft (What I need is a rest)C1.3
What … for? / Who else…?B2.1
What … like? (What's she like? vs What does she like?)A2.1
What I need is… (first look at clefts)B2.45
What kind / sort of …? (What kind of music do you like?)A2.1
what vs whichA2.1
when / as soon as / before / until + present for the futureA2.27
when and whileA2.8
When not to backshift (still true; reporting verb in the present)B2.22
When the passive weakens your writingC2.7
when vs ifB1.24
whence, whither, hence, thenceC2.24
where in relative clausesA2.28
where, whereverB1.32
whereas, while for contrastB2.27
whereby, whereinC1.20
whereupon, whence (for recognition)C2.9
whether or notB2.19
while / when / after / before + -ingB2.25
while / whilstC2.10
who vs whomC1.29
who vs whom in real usageC2.26
whoever / whatever / whichever as subjects and objectsC2.9
whose for things (a house whose roof…)C1.20
whose, when, why in relative clausesB1.29
Whose…? (Whose bag is this?)A2.33
Why use the passive (focus, unknown or unimportant agent)B1.21
will for assumptions (That'll be John)C1.10
will for instant decisions, offers and promisesA2.12
will for orders and formal instructions (You will report to reception at nine)C1.10
will for predictions and opinions (I think it will…)A2.12
will for present habits (He'll sit there for hours)B2.6
will vs going to vs present continuous vs present simpleB1.11
will, going to or present continuous? (first look)A2.13
wish / if only + past perfect (past regrets)B2.20
wish + past simple (I wish I had a car)B1.25
wish + would (annoyance)B2.20
wish vs hopeB1.25
with / without for description (a girl with long hair, coffee without sugar)A2.45
with + noun + participle; for meaning because (With so little time, we left; …, for it was late)C1.18
without, otherwise, given, assuming as conditionsC2.3
won't / wouldn't for refusal (The car won't start)B2.12
word classes → Parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, determinerA1.1
Word families (act, action, active, actively)B1.49
word order → Word order: Subject + Verb + ObjectA1.3
Word order: Subject + Verb + ObjectA1.3
work vs job, travel vs tripB1.38
worth + -ing (worth seeing)C1.31
would for past habits (first look)B1.13
would for polite requests (Would you…?)B1.20
would for typical behavior (He would say that)C1.10
would have (unreal past)B2.10
would like + noun / to + verbA1.24
would like to have doneB2.28
would rather / would sooner + subjectC1.16
would rather + subject + pastB2.20
would rather vs had better vs prefer (prefer X to Y; prefer somebody to)B2.20
would vs used to (actions vs states)B2.6
Would you mind + -ing? / Would you mind if I…?B1.20
would-be (a would-be writer)C2.6

Y

yesterday, last night / week / year, in 2019A1.28
You could have told me! (irritation)C2.6
you for one person and for many peopleA1.4
You might have told me! (reproach)B2.10
You might want to… (polite suggestion)C2.6
You would say that! (criticism)C2.6

Z

zero article → the vs no article: specific vs general (I like music / the music in this film)A2.30
Zero article in fixed phrases (at night, by car, in prison, on foot, from top to bottom)C1.27
Zero conditional (If you heat ice, it melts)A2.26