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Voice from A1 to C2

passive · causative · impersonal passive · ergative

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# 9 Voice ## B1 - Passive: be + past participle - Present simple and past simple passive - by + agent (and when to leave it out) - Why use the passive (focus, unknown or unimportant agent) - Present perfect passive (has been done) - Future passive (will be done) - Modal passive (can / must / should be done) ## B2 - Ergative verbs (The door opened / I opened the door) - Middle voice (This book sells well; The shirt washes easily) - Verbs not reflexive in English (relax, feel, meet, concentrate) - Reciprocal verbs without each other (meet, marry, fight) - Continuous passives (is being done, was being done) - Passive infinitive and -ing (to be done, being done) - Passive with two objects (I was given a book / A book was given to me) - Passive with phrasal and prepositional verbs (was looked after, was laughed at) - get-passive (He got arrested) - need + -ing with passive meaning (The car needs washing) - have / get something done - have somebody do / get somebody to do - make somebody do - have something done for bad experiences (I had my phone stolen) - It is said / believed / thought that… - He is said / believed / thought to be… ## C1 - Impersonal passive with perfect and continuous infinitives (He is thought to have left) - There is said to be… - Reporting verbs in the passive (allege, claim, consider, expect, know, report, understand) - Passive of perception verbs (He was seen to leave / leaving) - be made to do - Stative vs dynamic passive (The door was closed) - Choosing active or passive for flow and focus - Passive with an object complement (He was considered a genius; She was elected captain) ## C2 - Complex passive infinitives (is said to have been doing) - Agency and the passive in news and academic writing - When the passive weakens your writing

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