Linking, emphasis & information structure from A1 to C2

connectors · ellipsis · inversion · clefts · hedging

Recall modeSay each branch aloud, then click it to check.

Drawing the mindmap…

# 15 Linking, emphasis & information structure ## A1 - and, but, or - because and so (never both together) - also ## A2 - So do I / Neither do I / Nor do I - Me too / Me neither - I think so / I hope not / I'm afraid not - first, then, next, after that, finally - afterwards, eventually ## B1 - both … and - either … or, neither … nor - not only … but also (normal word order) - Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what's more, besides - Contrast: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast - Result: therefore, as a result, consequently - Examples and clarification: for example, for instance, such as, in other words, that is - Summary: in conclusion, to sum up, overall - Punctuation with linkers (However, … / ; however,) - not … or / not … nor; and not (She didn't write or call) - as well as + noun / -ing ## B2 - so / not after more verbs (I suppose so, I believe not, I doubt it) - do so / did so - Ellipsis after to (I'd love to) - Ellipsis with auxiliaries (I can't, but she can) - Emphatic do (I do like it!) - What I need is… (first look at clefts) - the very (the very best, at the very end) - at all, whatsoever, on earth, ever (Why ever…?) - Not only … but also with inversion (Not only did she…) - Never before have I… - Here comes… / There goes… - Discourse markers in writing (furthermore, nevertheless, consequently, namely) - Discourse markers in speech (well, anyway, actually, I mean, by the way, you know) - Emphatic imperative with do (Do sit down; Do be careful) ## C1 - Inversion after negative adverbials (Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, At no time, Under no circumstances, On no account, Nowhere) - No sooner … than / Hardly … when - Only when / Only after / Not until + inversion - Inversion after place adverbials (Down came the rain; In the corner sat a cat) - So + adjective / Such + be + inversion (So tired was she that…) - Inversion after as / than (as did his father) - it-cleft (It was Ali who called) - wh-cleft (What I need is a rest) - all-cleft (All I want is…) - Reversed wh-cleft (A rest is what I need) - The thing is…, What happened was… - Fronting for emphasis or contrast - Extraposition (It is surprising that…) - Preparatory it as object (I find it hard to…) - End-weight and end-focus; given → new - if so / if not - so it is / so it does (surprised agreement) - Ellipsis in comparisons and coordination - British do substitution (I might do) - the former / the latter - such, this + noun for reference - nonetheless, thereby, hence, thus, notwithstanding - in that, given that, seeing that, insofar as - Lexical cohesion (synonyms, word families, repetition) - Hedging (seem, appear, tend, it would appear, arguably, to some extent, presumably) - Boosting (clearly, undoubtedly, certainly) - Hedging with modals (may, might, could) - Questions with is it / was it … that (Where was it that you met?) ## C2 - Try as he might…, Much as I… - Such was … that - Nor / Neither + inversion - Literary inversion in narrative - only in every position, with and without inversion - Theme and rheme - Heavy-NP shift - There remain…, There exists…, There arose…

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