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Clauses from A1 to C2

relative · noun · adverbial · participle · infinitive

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# 12 Clauses ## A2 - Relative pronouns who, which, that - where in relative clauses - Defining relative clauses (the man who lives next door) - Time clauses: when, before, after, while - Reason and result clauses: because, so - although (basic contrast) ## B1 - Defining vs non-defining relative clauses (commas) - whose, when, why in relative clauses - Leaving out the object relative pronoun (the film I saw) - that vs which - No extra pronoun (the man that I saw, not saw him) - Purpose: to, in order to, so as to, so that - Reason: because, as, since - Result: so, so … that, such … that - although, though, even though - however vs but (and their punctuation) - despite / in spite of + noun or -ing - No although … but in one sentence - as soon as, until, by the time, once, since, whenever - where, wherever - as for things happening at the same time or changing together (As I walked home…; As it got darker…) ## B2 - Preposition + whom / which (the person to whom I spoke) - some of whom, most of which - Sentential which (He was late, which annoyed me) - the first / last / only one to… - Reduced relative clauses (the man sitting there, the car stolen yesterday) - Participle clauses (Feeling tired…, Built in 1900…, Having finished…) - while / when / after / before + -ing - that-clauses (I think that…, The problem is that…) - wh-clauses (I know what you mean) - if / whether clauses - It is + adjective + that… - whereas, while for contrast - despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that - no matter how / what / who; however + adjective - even though vs even if ## C1 - Having been told…, Being a doctor… - Absolute clauses (The work done, we left; Weather permitting…) - Dangling participles and how to fix them - the fact that… - Noun clauses as subject (Whether he comes is not important) - -ever clauses (Whatever you decide…, Whoever wins…) - to-infinitive as subject (To err is human) - whereby, wherein - in which case, at which point, by which time - Nominal relative what (What I need is…) - whose for things (a house whose roof…) - much as - Adjective + as / though (Tired as I was, …) - for all (= despite) - admittedly / granted …, but - Infinitive clauses (To be honest…, To cut a long story short…) - Verbless clauses (When in doubt…, If possible…, Once inside…) - with + noun + participle; for meaning because (With so little time, we left; …, for it was late) - Detached adjective phrases (Tired and hungry, they went home) - Active or passive infinitive after nouns (a lot to do / to be done; a house to rent) ## C2 - whereupon, whence (for recognition) - the reason why / that; the way (that / in which) - whoever / whatever / whichever as subjects and objects - albeit - notwithstanding - granted (that) - while / whilst - lest, for fear that - in the event that, inasmuch as, insofar as - such that, so as not to - than was expected, as is often the case

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