Sentences: the family map

Putting it together: structure, clauses, conditionals, reported speech.

Recall modeSay each branch aloud, then click it to check.

Drawing the mindmap…

# Sentences ## 11 Structure ### A1 - Every sentence needs a subject: SVO order - be: questions & short answers - Question words: what, where, who, when, how - there is / there are - Imperatives & let's - it for time, weather & distance ### A2 - Wh- questions: which, whose, how long, what … like - Negatives & answering negative questions - Exclamations: What a…! How…! ### B1 - Subject & object questions - Question tags - Indirect questions - it or there? - Subject–verb agreement 1 ### B2 - Advanced questions: How come…? Echo & reply questions - Subject–verb agreement 2 ### C1 - Agreement 3: The majority is/are ### C2 - Complex sentences: parallelism & balance - Negation: expert - Ambiguity & precision ## 12 Clauses ### A2 - Relative clauses: who, which, that, where - Time & reason clauses: when, before, because ### B1 - Defining & non-defining relative clauses - Purpose, reason & result - Contrast: although, however, despite - Time & place clauses: as soon as, until, wherever ### B2 - Relative clauses 2: to whom, some of which - Reduced relative clauses - Participle clauses - Noun clauses: that, what, whether - Concession & contrast 2 ### C1 - Participle clauses 2: absolutes & dangling participles - Noun clauses 2: the fact that, -ever clauses - Relative clauses 3: whereby, in which case - Concession 3: much as, Tired as I was - Infinitive & verbless clauses ### C2 - Relative & nominal clauses: expert - Concession: expert (albeit, notwithstanding) - Formal subordinators: lest, inasmuch as ## 13 Conditionals ### A2 - Zero conditional - First conditional & future time clauses ### B1 - Second conditional - unless, as long as, in case - wish + past; wish or hope? ### B2 - Third conditional - Mixed conditionals - Alternatives to if: provided, suppose, otherwise - wish, if only, would rather, it's time ### C1 - Inverted conditionals: Had I known… - if + should, were to, happen to; if so, if not - as if, would rather, it's high time, suppose ### C2 - Conditionals without if ## 14 Reported speech ### B1 - Reported statements: say or tell? - Reported questions - Reported commands & requests ### B2 - Reporting verbs & their patterns - Reported speech 2: when not to change tense ### C1 - Reporting 3: nominal & passive reporting ### C2 - Attribution & free indirect speech

Roadmap